Asgard and Archaea
Reading the article by genius @valued-customer gave me a new idea.
In my effort to understand our world and my place in it, I seek reliable and well-founded information. It is necessary to account for bias that is ubiquitous from all reporters of such information (we all are biased in favor of our own understanding), and Plato's observation that all he knew is that he knew nothing is a very good mechanism for rejecting our intrinsic biases. Anton Petrov posts daily on Odysee and I find his forthright exposition of the new research his wide ranging interest in science from a layman's perspective reveals well supported by the foundation of humility Plato shared.
From my point of view @valued-customer seemed to be observing and analyzing science from a Platonist point of view! 😃
By the way, I observe and analyze science based on scholasticism
.
Scholasticism was a medieval school of philosophy that employed a critical organic method of philosophical analysis predicated upon the Aristotelian 10 Categories. Christian scholasticism emerged within the monastic schools that translated scholastic Judeo—Islamic philosophies, and thereby "rediscovered" the collected works of Aristotle. Endeavoring to harmonize his metaphysics and its account of a prime mover with the Latin Catholic dogmatic trinitarian theology, these monastic schools became the basis of the earliest European medieval universities, and scholasticism dominated education in Europe from about 1100 to 1700.[1] The rise of scholasticism was closely associated with these schools that flourished in Italy, France, Portugal, Spain and England.[2]
Scholasticism is a method of learning more than a philosophy or a theology, since it places a strong emphasis on dialectical reasoning to extend knowledge by inference and to resolve contradictions. Scholastic thought is also known for rigorous conceptual analysis and the careful drawing of distinctions. In the classroom and in writing, it often takes the form of explicit disputation; a topic drawn from the tradition is broached in the form of a question, oppositional responses are given, a counterproposal is argued and oppositional arguments rebutted. Because of its emphasis on rigorous dialectical method, scholasticism was eventually applied to many other fields of study.[3][4]
Scholasticism was initially a program conducted by medieval Christian thinkers attempting to harmonize the various authorities of their own tradition, and to reconcile Christian theology with classical and late antiquity philosophy, especially that of Aristotle but also of Neoplatonism.[5]
The Scholastics, also known as Schoolmen,[6][7] included as its main figures Anselm of Canterbury ("the father of scholasticism"[8]), Peter Abelard, Alexander of Hales, Albertus Magnus, Duns Scotus, William of Ockham,[dubious – discuss] Bonaventure, and Thomas Aquinas. Aquinas's masterwork Summa Theologica (1265–1274) is considered to be the pinnacle of scholastic, medieval, and Christian philosophy;[9] it began while Aquinas was regent master at the studium provinciale of Santa Sabina in Rome, the forerunner of the Pontifical University of Saint Thomas Aquinas, Angelicum. Important work in the scholastic tradition has been carried on well past Aquinas's time, for instance by Francisco Suárez and Luis de Molina, and also among Lutheran and Reformed thinkers. English scholastics Robert Grosseteste and his student Roger Bacon.
Like ardent Christian evangelicals @roleerob and @joeyarnoldvn, I believe that Western science was created to prove the existence of God!
I believe that scholasticism was the first to create a European Christian science distinct from Islam and India and China!
I believe that religion makes culture, culture makes philosophy, and philosophy makes civilization!
Head of the Colossus of Constantine, Capitoline Museums
Constantine I (Latin: Flavius Valerius Constantinus; Greek: Κωνσταντῖνος Konstantinos; 27 February c. 272 – 22 May 337), also known as Constantine the Great, was Roman emperor from 306 to 337 AD, and the first to convert to Christianity. Born in Naissus, Dacia Mediterranea (now Niš, Serbia), he was the son of Flavius Constantius, a Roman army officer of Illyrian origin who had been one of the four rulers of the Tetrarchy. His mother, Helena, was a Greek and a Christian, and of low birth.[6][7][8][9] Constantine served with distinction under the Roman emperors Diocletian and Galerius. He began his career by campaigning in the eastern provinces (against barbarians and the Persians) before being recalled in the west (in AD 305) to fight alongside his father in Britain. After his father's death in 306, Constantine became emperor. He was acclaimed by his army at Eboracum (York, England), and eventually emerged victorious in the civil wars against emperors Maxentius and Licinius to become the sole ruler of the Roman Empire by 324.
Upon his ascension to emperor, Constantine enacted numerous reforms to strengthen the empire. He restructured the government, separating civil and military authorities. To combat inflation, he introduced the solidus, a new gold coin that became the standard for Byzantine and European currencies for more than a thousand years. The Roman army was reorganized to consist of mobile units (comitatenses) and garrison troops (limitanei), which were capable of countering internal threats and barbarian invasions. Constantine pursued successful campaigns against the tribes on the Roman frontiers—such as the Franks, the Alamanni, the Goths and the Sarmatians—and resettled territories abandoned by his predecessors during the Crisis of the Third Century with citizens of Roman culture.
Constantine was the first Roman Emperor to convert to Christianity.[h] Although he lived much of his life as a pagan, and later as a catechumen, he began to favor Christianity beginning in 312, finally becoming a Christian and being baptised by either Eusebius of Nicomedia, an Arian bishop, as attested by many notable Arian historical figures, or Pope Sylvester I, which is maintained by the Catholic Church and the Coptic Orthodox Church. He played an influential role in the proclamation of the Edict of Milan in 313, which declared tolerance for Christianity in the Roman Empire. He convoked the First Council of Nicaea in 325 which produced the statement of Christian belief known as the Nicene Creed.[11] The Church of the Holy Sepulchre was built on his orders at the purported site of Jesus' tomb in Jerusalem and was deemed the holiest place in all of Christendom. The papal claim to temporal power in the High Middle Ages was based on the fabricated Donation of Constantine. He has historically been referred to as the "First Christian Emperor" and he did favor the Christian Church. While some modern scholars debate his beliefs and even his comprehension of Christianity,[i] he is venerated as a saint in Eastern Christianity, and did much for pushing Christianity towards the mainstream of Roman culture.
The age of Constantine marked a distinct epoch in the history of the Roman Empire and a pivotal moment in the transition from classical antiquity to the Middle Ages.[14] He built a new imperial residence at the city of Byzantium and renamed it Constantinople (now Istanbul) after himself. It subsequently became the capital of the empire for more than a thousand years, the later Eastern Roman Empire being referred to as the Byzantine Empire by modern historians. His more immediate political legacy was that he replaced Diocletian's Tetrarchy with the de facto principle of dynastic succession, by leaving the empire to his sons and other members of the Constantinian dynasty. His reputation flourished during the lifetime of his children and for centuries after his reign. The medieval church held him up as a paragon of virtue, while secular rulers invoked him as a prototype, a point of reference and the symbol of imperial legitimacy and identity.[15] Beginning with the Renaissance, there were more critical appraisals of his reign, due to the rediscovery of anti-Constantinian sources. Trends in modern and recent scholarship have attempted to balance the extremes of previous scholarship.
Since Constantine the Great recognized Christianity, Europe has transformed into a Christian civilization, boasting a history of 2000 years.
Roman Catholicism was born when Constantine was the first Roman emperor to convert to Christianity.
It was shocking that Constantine, who slaughtered countless human beings, created a European Christian civilization that will boast a history of 2000 years.
In fact, in terms of human morals and ethics, Constantine would have gone to hell. However, it was unusual for Christians to call Constantine a great saint!😮
I don't know if the spirit of the great Constantine went to heaven, but somehow the film starring Keanu Reeves revealed the complex Christian view of Constantine!😳
Angels, demons, and humans all called him the invincible Constantine because he defeated all the countless demons that torment humans.
However, the logic of going to Hell because he had committed so many murders revealed the conflicting views of Christians about Constantine.
In any case, it is clear that with the creation of Roman Catholicism because of Constantine, the present-day Christian civilization of Europe was born!
So, Japanese scholars and religious scholars had awe for Constantine and Roman Catholicism, and they have been studying it for a long time to this day.
This is because Japanese scholars believe that Constantine caused Rome to abandon polytheism and convert to Christianity.
The Japanese tend to prefer Catholicism to Protestantism because they believe there are many polytheistic and pagan traditions within Roman Catholicism.
I wonder if my friends also think Catholicism has more polytheistic aspects than Protestantism?😄
From my point of view, the current national religion Shinto (Japanese: 神道, romanized: Shintō) of Japan, and Roman Catholicism seemed to have many similarities.
Shinto (Japanese: 神道, romanized: Shintō) or Shintoism, is a religion that originated in Japan. Classified as an East Asian religion by scholars of religion, its practitioners often regard it as Japan's indigenous religion and as a nature religion. Scholars sometimes call its practitioners Shintoists, although adherents rarely use that term themselves. Shinto has no central authority in control and much diversity exists among practitioners.
Shinto is polytheistic and revolves around the kami, supernatural entities believed to inhabit all things. The link between the kami and the natural world has led to Shinto being considered animistic. The kami are worshiped at kamidana household shrines, family shrines, and jinja public shrines. The latter are staffed by priests, known as kannushi, who oversee offerings of food and drink to the specific kami enshrined at that location. This is done to cultivate harmony between humans and kami and to solicit the latter's blessing. Other common rituals include the kagura dances, rites of passage, and seasonal festivals. Public shrines facilitate forms of divination and supply religious objects, such as amulets, to the religion's adherents. Shinto places a major conceptual focus on ensuring purity, largely by cleaning practices such as ritual washing and bathing, especially before worship. Little emphasis is placed on specific moral codes or particular afterlife beliefs, although the dead are deemed capable of becoming kami. The religion has no single creator or specific doctrine, and instead exists in a diverse range of local and regional forms.
Although historians debate at what point it is suitable to refer to Shinto as a distinct religion, kami veneration has been traced back to Japan's Yayoi period (300 BCE to 300 CE), although it has been suggested that the concept may be older than that. Buddhism entered Japan at the end of the Kofun period (300 to 538 CE) and spread rapidly. Religious syncretization made kami worship and Buddhism functionally inseparable, a process called shinbutsu-shūgō. The kami came to be viewed as part of Buddhist cosmology and were increasingly depicted anthropomorphically. The earliest written tradition regarding kami worship was recorded in the 8th-century Kojiki and Nihon Shoki. In ensuing centuries, shinbutsu-shūgō was adopted by Japan's Imperial household. During the Meiji era (1868 to 1912), Japan's nationalist leadership expelled Buddhist influence from kami worship and formed State Shinto, which some historians regard as the origin of Shinto as a distinct religion. Shrines came under growing government influence, and citizens were encouraged to worship the emperor as a kami. With the formation of the Japanese Empire in the early 20th century, Shinto was exported to other areas of East Asia. Following Japan's defeat in World War II, Shinto was formally separated from the state.
Shinto is primarily found in Japan, where there are around 100,000 public shrines, although practitioners are also found abroad. Numerically, it is Japan's largest religion, the second being Buddhism. Most of the country's population takes part in both Shinto and Buddhist activities, especially festivals, reflecting a common view in Japanese culture that the beliefs and practices of different religions need not be exclusive. Aspects of Shinto have been incorporated into various Japanese new religious movements.
So, 500 years ago, the overlords of Japan and China were very interested in Roman Catholicism.
I wonder how perhaps my esteemed senior @roleerob would feel about that?😀
The martyrdom of Saint Sebastian, 1590-1600 tempera painting, Japan.
Christian missionaries arrived with Francis Xavier and the Jesuits in the 1540s and briefly flourished, with over 100,000 converts, including many daimyōs in Kyushu. It soon met resistance from the highest office holders of Japan. Emperor Ōgimachi issued edicts to ban Catholicism in 1565 and 1568, but to little effect. Beginning in 1587, with imperial regent Toyotomi Hideyoshi's ban on Jesuit missionaries, Christianity was repressed as a threat to national unity.[1] After the Tokugawa shogunate banned Christianity in 1620 it ceased to exist publicly. Many Catholics went underground, becoming hidden Christians (隠れキリシタン, kakure kirishitan), while others lost their lives. Only after the Meiji Restoration was Christianity re-established in Japan.
Christianity in Japan began 500 years ago when Roman Catholicism spread to Japan.
Perhaps it has a longer history than the birth of the United States! 😉
Roman Catholicism in Japan prospered so much that there were hundreds of thousands of Catholics.
Slaves, serfs, and women who were mainly from the lower classes of Japan became Catholics.
Japan's overlords allowed Roman Catholic priests to enter and mission to Japan in order to learn about Europe's outstanding culture, especially Western science.
Thus, in the 16th century, Roman Catholic churches and seminaries were built in various parts of Japan.
Catholic priests taught the Japanese people Catholic theology, science, and industrial skills. So, Japanese Catholic priests also appeared.
Rangaku (Kyūjitai: 蘭學/Shinjitai: 蘭学, literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning") is a body of knowledge developed by Japan through its contacts with the Dutch enclave of Dejima, which allowed Japan to keep abreast of Western technology and medicine in the period when the country was closed to foreigners from 1641 to 1853 because of the Tokugawa shogunate's policy of national isolation (sakoku).
A meeting of Japan, China, and the West, Shiba Kōkan, late 18th century.
Through Rangaku, some people in Japan learned many aspects of the scientific and technological revolution occurring in Europe at that time, helping the country build up the beginnings of a theoretical and technological scientific base, which helps to explain Japan's success in its radical and speedy modernization following the forced American opening of the country to foreign trade in 1854.[original research?]
Japanese scholars tried to harmonize Catholic theology and philosophy, and Western science and technology received from Roman Catholicism, with Japanese religion and thought. As a result, Rangaku (Kyūjitai: 蘭school/Shinjitai: 蘭学, literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning") was born.
Rangaku (Kyūjitai: 蘭school/Shinjitai: 蘭学, literally "Dutch learning", and by extension "Western learning") became the first ideas and beliefs that formed the basis of science in Japan.
The Tokugawa shogunate finally decided to ban Catholicism in 1614, and in the mid-17th century demanded the expulsion of all European missionaries and the execution of all converts.[27] This marked the end of open Christianity in Japan. The immediate cause of the prohibition was the Okamoto Daihachi incident, a case of fraud involving Ieyasu's Catholic vavasor, but there were also other reasons behind it. The shogunate was concerned about a possible invasion by the Iberian colonial powers, which had previously occurred in the New World and the Philippines. In 1615, a Franciscan emissary of the Viceroy of New Spain asked the shōgun for land to build a Spanish fortress and this deepened Japan's suspicion against Catholicism and the Iberian colonial powers behind it. Domestically, the ban was closely related to measures against the Toyotomi clan. The statement on the "Expulsion of all missionaries from Japan", drafted by Zen monk Konchiin Suden (1563–1633) and issued in 1614 under the name of second Tokugawa shōgun Hidetada (ruled 1605–1623), was considered the first official statement of a comprehensive control of Kirishitan.[28] It claimed that the Christians were bringing disorder to Japanese society and that their followers "contravene governmental regulations, traduce Shinto, calumniate the True Law, destroy regulations, and corrupt goodness".[29] It was fully implemented and canonized as one of the fundamental Tokugawan laws.
However, Christianity in Japan was destroyed as The Tokugawa shogunate (/ˌtɒkuːˈɡɑːwə/,[14] Japanese 徳川幕府 Tokugawa bakufu), also known as the Edo shogunate (江戸幕府, Edo bakufu) banned Christianity from around the 17th century and persecuted it extensively, and Japanese Christians hid underground.
Japanese Christians who hid underground were called Kakure kirishitan (Japanese: 隠れキリシタン, lit. 'hidden Christians') (Japanese: 隠rekirisitan, lit. 'hidden Christians') and still exist today.
Afterwards, the Japanese overlords imported European studies, sciences, and commodities within the limits of their own interests and desires.
From their point of view, European science and technology and commodities were at the level of novelty toys.
The Japanese ruling class began to have a culture of viewing and enjoying goods imported from Europe like toys.
The Japanese lived with the gates of the state locked for three centuries.
However, an enemy of fate has finally appeared from beyond the Pacific Ocean.
Commodore Matthew Perry
Growing commerce between America and China, the presence of American whalers in waters off Japan, and the increasing monopolization of potential coaling stations by European colonial powers in Asia were all contributing factors in the decision by President Fillmore to dispatch an expedition to Japan. The Americans were also driven by concepts of manifest destiny and the desire to impose the benefits of western civilization and the Christian religion on what they perceived as backward Asian nations.[1] By the early 19th century, the Japanese policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. In 1844, Dutch King William II sent a letter urging Japan to end the isolation policy on its own before change would be forced from the outside.[2] Between 1790 and 1853 at least twenty-seven U.S. ships (including three warships) visited Japan, only to be turned away.
There were increased sightings and incursions of foreign ships into Japanese waters, and this led to considerable internal debate in Japan on how best to meet this potential threat to Japan’s economic and political sovereignty. In May 1851, American Secretary of State Daniel Webster authorized Commodore John H. Aulick, commander of the American East India Squadron, to attempt to return seventeen shipwrecked Japanese sailors residing in San Francisco, which might provide the opportunity for opening commercial relations with Japan. On May 10, 1851, Webster drafted a letter addressed to the "Japanese Emperor" with assurances that the expedition had no religious purpose, but was only to request "friendship and commerce" and supplies of coal needed by American ships en route to China. The letter also boasted of American expansion across the North American continent and its technical prowess, and was signed by President Fillmore. However, Aulick became involved in a diplomatic row with a Brazilian diplomat and quarrels with the captain of his flagship, and was relieved of his command before he could undertake the Japan expedition.[3] His replacement, Commodore Matthew Calbraith Perry, was a senior-ranking officer in the United States Navy, and had extensive diplomatic experience.
A giant emerged from beyond the Pacific Ocean and plunged the Japanese into a depth of fear and anger!
The poor islanders were shocked by the vast territory, resources and food of the Christian Empire in the New World.
@roleerob argued that the US is not a Christian country now, but the Japanese think otherwise.😅
The Japanese began to do a lot of research on this giant that appeared beyond the Pacific Ocean.
It didn't take them long to learn that Americans were different from Europeans.
A French political propaganda cartoon depicting China as a pie about to be carved up by Queen Victoria (Britain), Kaiser Wilhelm II (Germany), Tsar Nicholas II (Russia), Marianne (France) and a samurai (Japan), while Boxer leader Dong Fuxiang protests.
The Boxer Rebellion, also known as the Boxer Uprising, the Boxer Insurrection, or the Yihetuan Movement, was an anti-foreign, anti-colonial, and anti-Christian uprising in China between 1899 and 1901, towards the end of the Qing dynasty, by the Society of Righteous and Harmonious Fists (Yìhéquán), known as the "Boxers" in English because many of its members had practised Chinese martial arts, which at the time were referred to as "Chinese boxing".
After the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, villagers in North China feared the expansion of foreign spheres of influence and resented the extension of privileges to Christian missionaries, who used them to shield their followers. In 1898 Northern China experienced several natural disasters, including the Yellow River flooding and droughts, which Boxers blamed on foreign and Christian influence. Beginning in 1899, Boxers spread violence across Shandong and the North China Plain, destroying foreign property such as railroads and attacking or murdering Christian missionaries and Chinese Christians. The events came to a head in June 1900 when Boxer fighters, convinced they were invulnerable to foreign weapons, converged on Beijing with the slogan "Support the Qing government and exterminate the foreigners."
Diplomats, missionaries, soldiers and some Chinese Christians took refuge in the diplomatic Legation Quarter. An Eight Nation Alliance of American, Austro-Hungarian, British, French, German, Italian, Japanese and Russian troops moved into China to lift the siege and on June 17 stormed the Dagu Fort, at Tianjin. The Empress Dowager Cixi, who had initially been hesitant, now supported the Boxers and on June 21, issued an Imperial Decree declaring war on the invading powers. Chinese officialdom was split between those supporting the Boxers and those favouring conciliation, led by Prince Qing. The supreme commander of the Chinese forces, the Manchu General Ronglu (Junglu), later claimed he acted to protect the foreigners. Officials in the southern provinces ignored the imperial order to fight against foreigners.
The Eight-Nation Alliance, after initially being turned back by the Imperial Chinese military and Boxer militia, brought 20,000 armed troops to China. They defeated the Imperial Army in Tianjin and arrived in Beijing on August 14, relieving the fifty-five day siege of the Legations. Plunder of the capital and the surrounding countryside ensued, along with summary execution of those suspected of being Boxers in retribution. The Boxer Protocol of September 7, 1901, provided for the execution of government officials who had supported the Boxers, provisions for foreign troops to be stationed in Beijing, and 450 million taels of silver— more than the government's annual tax revenue—to be paid as indemnity over the course of the next 39 years to the eight nations involved. The Qing dynasty's handling of the Boxer Rebellion further weakened their control over China, and led the dynasty to attempt major governmental reforms in the aftermath.
The Japanese believed that they could not conquer all of Asia because the European empires such as Britain, Russia, Spain, and France were poor.
However, the giant of the New World were so huge and wealthy that they could not be compared with Europe.
The Japanese overlords were convinced that the Christian Empire in the New World would surely conquer Japan and all of East Asia.
Leaders of the Iwakura Mission photographed in London in 1872. L-R: Kido Takayoshi, Yamaguchi Masuka, Iwakura Tomomi, Itō Hirobumi, Ōkubo Toshimichi
The Iwakura Mission or Iwakura Embassy (岩倉使節団, Iwakura Shisetsudan) was a Japanese diplomatic voyage to the United States and Europe conducted between 1871 and 1873 by leading statesmen and scholars of the Meiji period. It was not the only such mission, but it is the most well-known and possibly most significant in terms of its impact on the modernization of Japan after a long period of isolation from the West. The mission was first proposed by the influential Dutch missionary and engineer Guido Verbeck, based to some degree on the model of the Grand Embassy of Peter I.
The aim of the mission was threefold; to gain recognition[1] for the newly reinstated imperial dynasty under the Emperor Meiji; to begin preliminary renegotiation of the unequal treaties with the dominant world powers; and to make a comprehensive study of modern industrial, political, military and educational systems and structures in the United States and Europe.[2]
The Iwakura mission followed several such missions previously sent by the Shogunate, such as the Japanese Embassy to the United States in 1860, the First Japanese Embassy to Europe in 1862, and the Second Japanese Embassy to Europe in 1863.
So, the Japanese overlords were convinced that in order to win the confrontation with the Christian Empire in the New World, they must learn the science and technology of the West.
The Japanese began visiting the New World and Europe to learn the ideas, religions, sciences and industrial technologies of Western civilization.
In particular, it tried to import science and technology in the military and industrial fields.
Japan's overlords have specifically ordered Japanese scientists to develop new weapons that will allow them to triumph against the naval powers of the New World!
I can't believe you can understand my awkward English sentences.😅
I was originally going to write about the differences between Western science and Japanese science, but it seems to have produced a result different from my purpose.
I guess the cause was entirely dependent on my personal research!
Please note that this article is solely my personal research and therefore I cannot provide the source of the data!
I look forward to your advice, help and criticism!
Hey, @goldgrifin007, this is me saying Hi to you. 🙋♀️🙋👋
Dear my lady @iskawrites, Why did you change your ID?😯
Lol. No I didn't. I have two accounts.
You can't change ID once you have created your account. It is set in stone.
This account is for my personal life, the other for finances. I hope you understand.
I understand! It is interesting that it is more convenient to create two accounts.😄
Yes it is. So, I wouldn't be mixing business with pleasure 🤓
You conduct extensive research, include plentiful citations, and your grasp of history is almost unrivaled in my experience. It is not your writing in English that is awkward, but my poor grasp of history! I inevitably benefit from your posts, so am always happy to be blessed by your hard work making them.
I hesitate to discuss the monastic practice of scholasticism, because I believe it was undertaken not to learn and gain the benefit of understanding of previous generations and cultures, but extensively rewrote source material to conform it to Catholicism, and then the originals were burned to eliminate any contradiction with church dogma. While Jesus' teachings are about being more than simply morally upright and undeserving of accusations of fault, but kind, loving, and even sacrificial of one's own interests to benefit others, the Church that claimed to wield temporal power ascribed to Jesus deified did not follow the example or teachings of Jesus.
Voluminous tomes and whole libraries of early Christian (and more unknown) literature were banned and burned, like heretics at the stake. I cannot recount the horror imposed on humanity by the Catholic Church, not least because I have no interest in casting aspersions on you or anyone that finds solace in grace, or strength to do good in the admonitions of Jesus.
I will but note that Jesus said to give to Kaiser what was Kaiser's, and to Allah what was Allah's, revealing that Jesus made no claim to imperial interest or military might, in stark contrast to Constantine and his heirs that carved the Holy Roman Empire into the very flesh of the West. Nothing more exemplifies the difference between what Jesus taught and the church than his deification and the contrivance of magical spells instead of kindness, love, and purpose to benefit that underlies salvation in the two schemes. IMHO nothing could be further from grace and the paradise good people will make than the Catholic Church, and all of it's competitors for tithes since the Reformation.
In contrast to it's actual practice and eradication of historical facts, the scholastic principles you relate in the OP are the basis of science. The reasoned dispute of matters, when furthered by reproducible experiment and reliance on empirical evidence that falsifies hypotheses and theories, is the whole of the scientific method.
It is sad to see the perversion of those principles arising to destroy knowledge and learning as they did prior to the Renaissance. I hope our goodwill and adherence to fact can subsume the propaganda and censorship malign overlords intend to stupefy us all with today.
Thanks!
Dear my honrable senior @valued-customer!
Thank you for your excessive praise!
It is a pity that it is difficult for an American elementary school student like me to understand your great and wonderful sentences!
I will reply to you after translating your sentences!
I hope your health and happy!