Part 11/15:
The Revolution led to chaos and violence, epitomized by the Reign of Terror under Robespierre. The monarchy was abolished, Louis XVI was executed, and France plunged into civil war and internal upheaval.
The Napoleonic Era
In 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte seized power, ending the Revolution and establishing the Consulate, then the Empire in 1804. His military conquests across Europe reshaped the continent. The Napoleonic Code standardized laws, abolished feudal privileges, and promoted meritocracy.