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The empire expanded across Europe until 1814, when a coalition defeated Napoleon, leading to his abdication and exile to Elba. Briefly returning in 1815 during the Hundred Days, Napoleon was decisively defeated at Waterloo and exiled to Saint Helena, ending his reign.
Restored Monarchies and 19th Century Transformations
Post-Napoleon, the monarchy was restored briefly under Louis XVIII and Charles X, until the July Revolution of 1830 replaced Charles X with the constitutional monarchy of Louis-Philippe. The 19th century was marked by political instability, constitutional reforms, and the rise of republican ideals.