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Key figures such as Kaonabo, Anakaona, and Guarionex emerged as leaders of indigenous resistance. They organized uprisings, raids on plantations, and guerrilla warfare to oppose Spanish oppression. For instance, Kaonabo led several rebellions, targeting Spanish settlements and mines between 1494 and 1496. His resistance was often betrayed through treacherous diplomacy, leading to his captivity and eventual death in Spain.