Part 13/17:
Revolts periodically erupted, with the most famous led by Toussaint Louverture decades later, but earlier uprisings such as those led by Makandal set the stage. Notably, in 1791, enslaved Africans and maroons launched a full-scale revolution inspired by Enlightenment ideals and their own experiences of brutal oppression. Leaders like Jean-Jacques Dessalines emerged, culminating in the declaration of Haitian independence in 1804.