Part 4/14:
Hands, which are critical for manipulating objects, are among the most challenging components. To perform simple household tasks, humanoids require dexterous, reliable, and compact hands with multiple degrees of freedom—similar to human anatomy—yet current actuator sizes and reliability standards make this a monumental engineering challenge.
Reliability is paramount: actuators need to operate continuously for thousands of hours without failure, and miniaturization must be achieved without sacrificing strength or endurance. The complexity of coordinating multiple fingers, joints, sensors, and dynamic control systems vastly exceeds what is presently feasible.