Part 4/17:
Financial Cycles (≈ 80 years): These involve currency reforms, monetary revolutions, and shifts in global reserve currencies. The Bretton Woods agreement, the establishment of the Federal Reserve, and eventual fiat monetary systems underscore these long-term financial transformations. Mark notes that the current environment—debts spiraling, deficits rising, and global debt crises—replicates past destabilizations.
Technological Cycles (≈ 50 years): Driven by breakthroughs like the printing press, industrial revolution, electric power, mass production, and digital communication, these cycles alter how societies organize and operate. Mark emphasizes that technological change is always the primary catalyst for societal shifts, often outpacing political and financial adaptations.