Hello everybody,how are you all? Hope you are all doing well and i am too.now we come to end of the lowerlimb in learning and it is the final post of lowerlimb and i am going to tell about the remaining part of lowerlimb i.e., Vessels of lowerlimb,Popliteal fossa and Arches of foot
VESSELS OF LOWERLIMB
We already learned about femoral artery and in femoral traingle that is the main artery that is going to supply with its branches and here we have to discuss one important branch which is Profunda femoris artery.it gives Perforating branches of four in number 2nd perforating artery is nutrient artery of femur that we already learned.it also gives Medial circumflex femoral artery and Lateral circumflex artery as branches.these branches play key role in anastomosis.
There are two important anastomosis at the back of thigh -
- Cruciate anastomosis
It is formed by -
- Inferior gluteal artery
- Medial circumflex artery
- Lateral circumflex artery
- 1st perforating branch
- Trochanteric anastomosis
It is formed by -
- Branch from inferior gluteal artery
- Superior gluteal artery
- Branch from medial circumflex artery
- Branch from lateral circumflex artery
You can understand what i said above by below diagram
POPLITEAL FOSSA
It is a fossa present behind knee joint
It has 4 boundaries
Boundaries | Muscles |
---|---|
Superomedially | Semitendinosus,Semimembranosus |
Superolaterally | Biceps femoris |
Inferomedially | Medial head of gastrocnemius |
Inferolaterally | Lateral head of gastrocnemius,Plantaris |
It has floor and roof.so lets learn what are they made up of
FLOOR
- Popliteal surface of the femur(along with popliteal fat)
- capsule of knee joint
- Popliteus muscle
From semimembranosus tendon there comes an extension in the posterior surface of kneee joint(above the floor of popliteal fossa).It is called Oblique popliteal ligament
Popliteal artery which is passing on the surface of this ligament gives a branch called Middle genicular artery and it pierces the ligamnet and supplies two important ligaments of knee joint Anterior cruciate ligament and Posterior cruciate ligament.you can understand by below schematic diagram.
ROOF
Roof of popliteal fossa is formed by -
- Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
- Posterior division of medial cutaneous nerve of the thigh
-Lateral cutaneous nerve of calf - small saphenous vein
Small saphenous vein drain into Popliteal vein and great saphenous vein drain into femoral vein(do you remember this)
CONTENTS OF POPLITEAL FOSSA
What are present in Popliteal fossa?
Lets see the below image how what are present and how they are arranged from Deep to superficial
- Popliteal artery
- Popliteal vein
- Sciatic vein
- Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Clinical Aspects of Popliteal fossa
Two swellings are seen in this fossa -
Bakers cyst and Popliteal aneurysm*
BAKERS CYST
It is inflammation and swelling of semimembranosus bursa and it looks like this
Image source
It resolves on its own slowly.
POPLITEAL ARTERY ANEURYSM
It compresses on tibial nerve in some cases causes paresthesia
ARCHES OF FOOT
When we are walking on flat road or surface we walk easily without difficult but it is not easy to walk on uneven surface or climbing mountains if we have flat foot.flat foot is common in children upto 2-3 years of age thats why they are unable to walk easily and they fall easily.
Once look at your foot from all angles and foot is your foot flat? Mine is "NO" and i hope yours too.If your foot is flat? then go to Doctor😀.
Pes planus(flat foot)
Image source
Our foot is not flat at all.it has a good shape and it has Arches.these arches help us to stand walk and climb the mountains and walk on uneven surface easily.arches of foot start to develop at two to three years of age
What are the things which makes our foot arched? Lets learn......
TARSAL BONES
First we need to understand what are bones present in foot.the bones present in foot are called Tarsal bones
- Calcaneum
- Talus
- Navicular bone
- Cuboid(lateral)
- 3 Cuneiform bones
The two arches which are important Medial longitudinal ligament and Lateral longitudinal ligament
And there are transverse arches also but longitudinal arches are important ones.
Structures | Medial longitudinal arch | Later longitudinal arch |
---|---|---|
Bones | Calcaneum,Talus,Navicular,3 cuneiform,1st,2nd&3rd metatarsals | Calcaneum,Cuboid,4th,5th metatarsals |
Summit(the bone which bears most of the weight) | Talus | Calcaneum |
Joint | Talocalcaneonavicular joint(Ball and socket joint) | Calcaneocuboid joint |
Ligament | Spring ligament | Short and long plantar ligaments |
Sling | Tibials anterior,Tibialis posterior(major),Flexor digitorum longus | Peroneus longus(major),Peroneus brevis |
Tie-beam | Plantar aponeurosis | Plantar aponeurosis |
Clinical aspects
If arches of foot are not good then we can see this condition known as Pes cavus
In this condition,more pressure is on the heel due to higher arch of the foot and pateint feels pain while walking
Now we finished lower limb and i hope you learned from posts and earned some knowledge about our body and i request
you to go through my previous posts once again and read daily and memorize them they are helpful to you in your exams too and.i am putting links of my previous posts here so you can read them.
Femoral nerve and Obturator nerve
Femoral triangle and gluteal region
Thanks for reading,
With regards
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Excellent post Doctor, very nice, very well organized, creative, congratulations.
👏👏👏👏👏
Thank you dear!
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