I think the important thing is that the existence of this verse implies that there is indeed someone that taxes are owed to.
Suppose I say, "Dave, you owe me a million dollars." Does that make it so?
Taxes are owed because they are enforcible, otherwise they are just as declaratory as your statement here, just the determination of the value owed is more complicated ;)
As far as taxes go, I think some of them are OK. I wouldn't mind paying for my fair or even in essence socialist share of infrastructure, security, government, healthcare and education, my biggest personal problem with taxes, especially in the country I live in, is how much of it is misused and fueling corruption instead of those common goods and services above that they are supposed to support.