Sedimentology simply encompasses the study of sediments such as sand, silt, and clay, and the processes that result into their formation (erosion and weathering), transport, & deposition.
Sedimentologists apply their understanding of modern processes to interpret geologic history via observations of sedimentary structures and sedimentary rocks.
Sedimentary rocks, as proven, cover up to 75% of the Earth's surface, record much of the Earth's history, and harbor the fossil record. Sedimentology is closely related to stratigraphy, which is the study of both the physical and temporal relationships between rock layers/stratas.
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