Hey no time series isn't always a necessary factor to calculate the relation between two factors .
you can't infer from the data the direction of 'causality'
Any two independent variable can be taken for finding the coefficient of determination . Coefficient of determination is used to measure the direction and magnitude of causality . It is there to show us how much one factor is affecting other factor .
How can it do that ? It does by taking the whole data into picture ( like training and testing the dataset in Machine Learning ) .
Coefficient of determination comes under Machine Learning itself .
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