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Initially emerging as a response to the state terror against the Tutsi and Rwandan-descendants in the DRC, M23 sought to defend their rights in the face of an aggressive Congolese military. As several peace agreements were signed and subsequently violated, M23 gradually gained ground, now controlling significant territory, including Goma. This situation underscores a further complication: the perceived complicity of the Congolese government with militias such as the FDLR (Democratic Forces for the Liberation of Rwanda), which directly counteracts the interests of Tutsi populations and the M23 movement.