Part 3/10:
Historically, the military prowess of the Arab world was evident during its Golden Age from the 8th to the 13th centuries, a period marked by significant advancements in science, medicine, and military strategy. However, the tides began to turn around the 13th century. The Mongol invasions, followed by the plague and political fragmentation, paved the way for Europe's Renaissance and subsequent Industrial Revolution. By the 1800s, Western powers dominated the Middle East, creating borders that have since perpetuated conflict.