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Meanwhile, on the Eastern Front, Russian forces launched a massive offensive on July 28. Their renewed assault nearly breached German and Austro-Hungarian defenses across the entire line, with devastating losses for the Austro-Hungarian Fourth Army—losing approximately 15,000 soldiers, around 60% of their combat strength, along with nearly 90 machine guns. Historian Timothy Doran notes that the combat fatigue in Austria-Hungary was significant, describing many soldiers as surrendering after minimal resistance during these battles.