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German invasions resulted in widespread destruction, starvation, and loss of life. Cities like Leningrad endured a horrific siege, and Ukraine—known as the USSR's breadbasket—was ravaged, with millions perishing from famine and warfare. At this critical juncture, the Soviet leadership realized that internal discipline and morale were vital to withstand ongoing assaults.
Why Was Order No. 227 Created?
Order No. 227 was issued on July 28, 1942, primarily as a response to severe issues within the Red Army: widespread retreats, disobedience, and a decline in combat morale. Its foundational purpose was to prevent unauthorized withdrawals and to restore discipline amidst chaos and panic on the frontlines.
The order was motivated by: