Part 6/15:
Two types of "tells"—indicators of flawed models—are described: ambiguity (missing information leading to multiple compatible models) and obfuscation (information that is obscured, ignored, or lost). An example of ambiguity involves geometric figures where a diagram cannot specify whether a shape is a cube or a pyramid due to missing third-dimensional information. This represents a broader problem: our incomplete knowledge allows multiple models to fit current data, making the "truth" unknowable without additional mechanisms.