Part 8/15:
The example of the magnetic flux lines illustrates how observed patterns (such as iron filings aligning) are abstractions rather than physical entities. The math indicates that flux densities are minuscule—just one flux line per thousands of square meters—highlighting that these lines are simply convenient models, not physical realities. The critique extends to Faraday's law, which describes emf induction but fails to specify how or where causality occurs, violating locality and mechanism principles.