Part 9/10:
In some invertebrates, hemolymph carries oxygen through proteins like hemocyanin, which contains copper. Although insects and crustaceans have traditionally been viewed as lacking efficient oxygen transport mechanisms, recent studies reveal they do possess some form of oxygen transport system, critical for their metabolic needs.
The Complexity of Circulatory Networks
Modern anatomical sketches depict the extensive network of arteries, veins, and capillaries, facilitating nutrient and gas exchange across tissues. Capillaries are small vessels where gas exchange between blood and tissues occurs. The systemic and pulmonary circulations are interconnected via these networks, with veins returning deoxygenated blood to the heart and arteries supplying oxygen-rich blood to tissues.