Part 3/9:
Another hallmark of a declining empire is a failure to recognize its diminishing capabilities, exemplified by the war in Ukraine. Miscalculations early in the conflict suggested that the combined might of the US and its European allies would easily overpower Russia; however, the reality has shown otherwise.
Despite initial predictions of rapid economic collapse, the Russian economy has exhibited resilience, albeit with a high humanitarian cost. The efficacy of sanctions against Russia has faltered, with its economy adapting through new partnerships with countries such as China and India. These developments underscore the miscalculations of the once-dominant powers who underestimated Russia's ability to withstand economic pressures.