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Compounding the issues with smart driving technologies are alarming trends with battery ownership rights. In Chengdu, numerous ride-hailing drivers reported being blindsided by a revelation: after paying off their vehicle loans, they were told that they did not own the batteries, leading to demands for additional fees of ¥50,000 to maintain operational control over their cars. Many drivers described feeling exploited, as without acquiescing to these demands, they faced significant restrictions, including remote speed limitations and vehicle immobilization.