Part 4/8:
It was not until Roy Kerr introduced the concept of rotating black holes in the mid-1960s that the notion of singularities gained traction. Even so, the symmetrical assumptions of these models left many questions unanswered.
Roger Penrose’s Groundbreaking Insights
Penrose’s breakthrough in 1965 was to prove that singularities are an unavoidable outcome in any gravitational collapse described by Einstein's equations. In a remarkably concise paper, he demonstrated that as matter is compacted into a sufficiently small volume, an event horizon and a singularity must form.