Part 4/9:
Penrose later teamed up with neurobiologist Stuart Hameroff, who proposed that microtubules could indeed harbor quantum effects. Hameroff's theory posits that these microtubules might somehow synchronize their quantum states, providing a mechanism for these effects to potentially influence conscious thought. Nonetheless, a clear connection between these quantum activities and the experience of consciousness remains elusive, and critics have expressed doubts regarding the validity of Hameroff’s approach. Both Penrose and Hameroff are often seen as unconventional thinkers, which raises questions about the robustness of their theories.