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Throughout the 17th and 18th centuries, multiple sieges and conflicts further cemented the Castillo's significance. In 1702, the fort withstood an attack during Queen Anne's War by Carolina Governor James Moore, highlighting its strategic military importance. After many improvements over the decades, the fort was eventually taken by the British in 1763 as part of the Treaty of Paris, which traded Florida for Havana, Cuba.
Under British rule, the fort was renamed Fort St. Mark. This period marked a challenging time for St. Augustine's inhabitants, with the city serving as a hub for loyalists during the American Revolution.