Part 4/11:
Much of Moscow's oil and gas profits are funneled through trade with countries like Turkey, India, and China, which maintain open economic ties despite the conflict. Notably, in 2023, G7 countries purchased €1.18 billion worth of oil products from India and Turkey, with a significant portion refined from Russian crude. These transactions generate substantial tax revenues for Moscow—an estimated €4 billion—and are facilitated by a fleet of Russian "shadow" tankers operating outside official channels.