Part 8/14:
As the 19th century advanced, innovations aimed at improving efficiency and safety. Steel and cast iron radiators emerged as the main heating devices, replacing bulky open fireplaces. In 1854, Stephen Gold developed the mattress radiator, featuring safety valves to prevent explosions, enabling operation at lower pressure and increasing safety.
Parallel efforts in Europe yielded the segmental cast iron radiator, conceived by Franz Stieglitz, which shaped the modern radiator design. These technologies made it possible to heat entire buildings uniformly rather than just specific rooms.