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For example, Musk's decision to produce the Model S from the ground up—despite historical failures by other auto manufacturers—demonstrates his willingness to challenge conventional wisdom. Although building battery factories and automation lines (like Giga castings) requires billions of dollars and technical innovation, these moves ultimately secured Tesla’s competitive edge. His gamble on vertical integration and manufacturing in-house created efficiencies that others attempted to copy, confirming Musk’s tendency to innovate where others hesitate.