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The legal dispute centered around California's Proposition 63, which was enacted in 2016 and took effect in 2019. This law mandated that individuals pass a background check and pay fees—ranging from $1 to $19—each time they bought ammunition. Supporters argued that this law was a crucial step toward reducing gun violence by controlling access to ammunition.
However, opponents, including gun rights advocates and ammunition vendors, argued that such restrictions impose an undue burden on the Second Amendment, particularly the right to keep and bear arms. They contended that without ammunition, guns are essentially useless, and thus, restrictions on ammo purchase effectively disenfranchise firearm owners.