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Ukrainian forces have been engaged in a significant counteroffensive effort in 2023, aiming to push back Russian occupation and reclaim territory. However, this offensive has faced substantial obstacles due to the extensive and deeply layered defensive works constructed by Russia across the eastern and southern regions of Ukraine.
These defensive installations are among the most sophisticated and formidable seen since the era of the world wars, encompassing multi-layered fortifications designed to withstand prolonged assaults. The scale and depth of these defenses have made it exceedingly difficult for Ukrainian troops to make substantial breakthroughs.