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This year's summit has been hailed as the largest ever in the history of the Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SEO), drawing more than 20 foreign leaders, including prominent figures such as Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi, Russian President Vladimir Putin, Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and Iranian President Ebrahim Raisi. The gathering signals a moment of unity and ambition among countries traditionally considered part of the Global South—a collective that now seeks to carve out its own geopolitical space.