Part 4/14:
Investigations revealed that violence in Indonesian football stems from multiple intertwined causes. Regional rivalries, such as those between supporters of Surabaya’s Persebaya and Malang’s Arema, have fueled longstanding conflicts that sometimes escalate into deadly confrontations during away matches. These rivalries are intertwined with local histories of gang violence, injustice, and a desire for retribution, which are often projected onto football battles.