Part 3/15:
Digital Computers: Built from bits—binary states of zero and one—digital systems operate deterministically. Logic gates process inputs to produce predictable outputs, and concepts like Alan Turing's Universal Turing Machine formalize the deterministic nature of these devices.
Quantum Computers: Instead of bits, they use qubits, which can exist in superpositions—being in states of zero and one simultaneously, characterized by wave functions. The evolution of these wave functions is governed by the Schrödinger equation, making their behavior deterministic at the wave function level. However, upon measurement, wave functions "collapse" randomly, producing probabilistic outcomes and introducing a non-deterministic element into the system.