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However, these platforms often have smaller user bases compared to their U.S. counterparts due to the "network effect"—people stick to platforms where their contacts already are. Mastodon, for instance, has millions of users but doesn’t rival X’s 500 million+ monthly active users. Similarly, PeerTube and Dailymotion lag behind YouTube’s scale.
Posts on X and web sources highlight additional options like Cryptee (Estonia) for cloud storage or Qwant (France) for search, reflecting a broader European trend toward privacy-focused tech. Still, no single European platform fully replicates the dominance or feature set of Facebook, YouTube, or X—yet they offer viable options for those prioritizing independence and data control.