The Minsk Agreements refer to two diplomatic protocols aimed at ending the conflict in eastern Ukraine between Russian-backed separatists and Ukrainian forces.
Minsk I (September 2014): Signed after the Battle of Ilovaisk, it included a ceasefire, withdrawal of heavy weapons, OSCE monitoring, and release of prisoners. It partially reduced fighting but was violated soon after.
Minsk II (February 2015): Brokered by France, Germany, Russia, and Ukraine (Normandy Format), it expanded on Minsk I with demands for decentralization in Ukraine, restoration of border control, local elections, and full ceasefire. Key points: 30 km buffer zone, OSCE oversight, and amnesty for combatants. It halted major offensives but violence persisted, with mutual accusations of breaches.
Implementation stalled, contributing to ongoing tensions. No full resolution as of late 2025. For details, see the OSCE or UN reports.
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