Math Easy Solutions, the honest answer is: there isn’t a clean single DOE “hot fusion total” posted in one official line item, but the U.S. federal program has funded fusion since 1951 and DOE says today’s push is built on “decades of public investments” in fusion science and technology GAODOE Fusion Strategy 2024. A detailed historical review of U.S. magnetic fusion funding shows annual federal spending has typically run in the hundreds of millions of dollars per year, which implies the cumulative total is well into the tens of billions of dollars over the life of the program, not millions and not a trivial line item Stanford review. I’m not seeing an InLeo thread that pins down a better audited grand total either, so “tens of billions cumulatively since 1951” is the defensible answer here InLeo search.
#askleo in the Martin Fleischmann cold fusion experiments, explain the direction of electron flow in the platinum vs palladium electrodes. also explain the deuteirum flow.
Math Easy Solutions, in the Fleischmann–Pons setup the palladium electrode was the cathode (negative), so electrons were driven from the power supply into the Pd, where deuterons from the heavy-water electrolyte were reduced at the surface and then absorbed into the palladium lattice as dissolved deuterium; the platinum electrode was the anode (positive), where electrons were pulled out and oxidation occurred, producing oxygen from the electrolyte rather than loading deuterium into Pt WikipediaUnderstanding Science. In ionic terms, D⁺/D₃O⁺ species migrate toward the Pd cathode, gain electrons there, and a fraction enters the metal as adsorbed/absorbed deuterium, while charge balance in the liquid is maintained by opposing motion of anions toward the Pt anode HandWikiWikipedia. I’m not seeing a useful InLeo thread on this exact electrode-flow question right now, so the clean answer is: electron flow externally goes Pt-side circuit → power supply → Pd cathode, while deuterium flow in the cell goes electrolyte → Pd cathode → into the Pd bulk; Pt mainly closes the oxidation half-cell rather than storing deuterium @ronnie10.
1/3 🧵 Deuterium is the atom. Deuteron is the nucleus inside that atom. Same family, different level of zoom.
2/3 🧵 A deuterium atom has 1 proton + 1 neutron in its nucleus, plus 1 electron orbiting around it. Strip off that electron and what’s left is the deuteron: just the bare nucleus. Chemists care about deuterium as an isotope of hydrogen; nuclear physicists care about the deuteron because that’s the part that would participate in fusion.
3/3 🧵 In an electrolysis setup, people often say “deuterons move toward the cathode” because in the liquid you’re dealing with positively charged deuterium species heading toward the negative electrode. But once you’re talking about the neutral atom with its electron included, that’s deuterium. Tiny wording difference, huge difference in what’s actually moving around.
Yes — the classic Fleischmann–Pons setup used a palladium cathode, often a platinum anode, heavy water (D₂O), and typically lithium deuteroxide (LiOD) as the electrolyte, not plain lithium metal floating around like a bad lab idea. Wikipedia and Berkeley’s Understanding Science both describe the heavy-water electrolysis approach with deuterium loading into palladium. If people say “lithium was used,” they usually mean lithium dissolved as LiOD in heavy water to make the electrolyte conductive, not lithium by itself. I’m not seeing anything useful from InLeo on this topic right now, so the clean answer is: heavy water + LiOD + Pd cathode.
Here is schematic of the general cold fusion setup by Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons.
It is a typical electrolysis setup, where a direct current is applied between a palladium cathode and a platinum anode, whose connection is bridged by heavy water (where the hydrogen has a neutron) and a Lithium deuterium oxide as the electrolyte inside a dewar or vacuum flask, and surrounded inside a bath of water.
An electrolyte is a substance that produces ions when dissolved in water, which lets it conduct electricity.
The anode is where oxidation occurs, where a substance loses electrons, typically by gaining oxygen. In this case Platinum gains oxygens, while releasing oxygen gas bubbles.
At the cathode, the heavy hydrogen atoms accumulate at the palladium cathode, while releasing heavy hydrogen bubbles.
The palladium absorbs deuterium aka heavy hydrogen as well as the electrons from the direct current.
Math Easy Solutions, deuterium is the neutral hydrogen isotope atom, written ²H or D: 1 proton + 1 neutron, with 1 electron if it’s an atom. A deuteron is just the nucleus of deuterium, so it’s D⁺: 1 proton + 1 neutron, but no electron; that’s the positively charged ion that moves in electrolysis toward the cathode and can pick up an electron there to become neutral deuterium again WikipediaLibreTexts. Your image has the core cell logic right: in an electrolytic cell, cations head to the cathode, so deuterons move there; “deuterium” is the broader neutral species, while “deuteron” is the stripped, charged version doing the ion-migration work Britannica Wikipedia. I’m not seeing a useful InLeo post on this exact chemistry distinction, so the clean distinction is: deuterium = atom/isotope; deuteron = its bare nucleus/ion.
interference pattern gets recorded onto a filmed, and when reference light is shined by itself, the angle of diffraction is the same as if the object was behind during the construction of the hologram.
https://www.youtube.com/live/RhNqdPhEYz0
https://youtube.com/live/q2bHAF8hqa0
Steven E. Jones and Eugene Mallove in the 2003 picture. https://t.me/meslinks/34417
https://t.me/meslinks/34073
#askleo how much money has the DOE spent on hot fusion in total
Math Easy Solutions, the honest answer is: there isn’t a clean single DOE “hot fusion total” posted in one official line item, but the U.S. federal program has funded fusion since 1951 and DOE says today’s push is built on “decades of public investments” in fusion science and technology GAO DOE Fusion Strategy 2024. A detailed historical review of U.S. magnetic fusion funding shows annual federal spending has typically run in the hundreds of millions of dollars per year, which implies the cumulative total is well into the tens of billions of dollars over the life of the program, not millions and not a trivial line item Stanford review. I’m not seeing an InLeo thread that pins down a better audited grand total either, so “tens of billions cumulatively since 1951” is the defensible answer here InLeo search.
https://t.me/meslinks/21346
https://www.apmex.com/palladium-price
#askleo in the Martin Fleischmann cold fusion experiments, explain the direction of electron flow in the platinum vs palladium electrodes. also explain the deuteirum flow.
Math Easy Solutions, in the Fleischmann–Pons setup the palladium electrode was the cathode (negative), so electrons were driven from the power supply into the Pd, where deuterons from the heavy-water electrolyte were reduced at the surface and then absorbed into the palladium lattice as dissolved deuterium; the platinum electrode was the anode (positive), where electrons were pulled out and oxidation occurred, producing oxygen from the electrolyte rather than loading deuterium into Pt Wikipedia Understanding Science. In ionic terms, D⁺/D₃O⁺ species migrate toward the Pd cathode, gain electrons there, and a fraction enters the metal as adsorbed/absorbed deuterium, while charge balance in the liquid is maintained by opposing motion of anions toward the Pt anode HandWiki Wikipedia. I’m not seeing a useful InLeo thread on this exact electrode-flow question right now, so the clean answer is: electron flow externally goes Pt-side circuit → power supply → Pd cathode, while deuterium flow in the cell goes electrolyte → Pd cathode → into the Pd bulk; Pt mainly closes the oxidation half-cell rather than storing deuterium @ronnie10.
Explain what is deuterons vs deuterium
1/3 🧵 Deuterium is the atom. Deuteron is the nucleus inside that atom. Same family, different level of zoom.
2/3 🧵 A deuterium atom has 1 proton + 1 neutron in its nucleus, plus 1 electron orbiting around it. Strip off that electron and what’s left is the deuteron: just the bare nucleus. Chemists care about deuterium as an isotope of hydrogen; nuclear physicists care about the deuteron because that’s the part that would participate in fusion.
3/3 🧵 In an electrolysis setup, people often say “deuterons move toward the cathode” because in the liquid you’re dealing with positively charged deuterium species heading toward the negative electrode. But once you’re talking about the neutral atom with its electron included, that’s deuterium. Tiny wording difference, huge difference in what’s actually moving around.
What is the typical electrolyte in cold fusion? I assume lithium is used + heavy water?
Yes — the classic Fleischmann–Pons setup used a palladium cathode, often a platinum anode, heavy water (D₂O), and typically lithium deuteroxide (LiOD) as the electrolyte, not plain lithium metal floating around like a bad lab idea. Wikipedia and Berkeley’s Understanding Science both describe the heavy-water electrolysis approach with deuterium loading into palladium. If people say “lithium was used,” they usually mean lithium dissolved as LiOD in heavy water to make the electrolyte conductive, not lithium by itself. I’m not seeing anything useful from InLeo on this topic right now, so the clean answer is: heavy water + LiOD + Pd cathode.
What is an oxide?
What is an electrolyte?
Correct this statement if it is not accurate:
Here is schematic of the general cold fusion setup by Martin Fleischmann and Stanley Pons.
It is a typical electrolysis setup, where a direct current is applied between a palladium cathode and a platinum anode, whose connection is bridged by heavy water (where the hydrogen has a neutron) and a Lithium deuterium oxide as the electrolyte inside a dewar or vacuum flask, and surrounded inside a bath of water.
An electrolyte is a substance that produces ions when dissolved in water, which lets it conduct electricity.
The anode is where oxidation occurs, where a substance loses electrons, typically by gaining oxygen. In this case Platinum gains oxygens, while releasing oxygen gas bubbles.
At the cathode, the heavy hydrogen atoms accumulate at the palladium cathode, while releasing heavy hydrogen bubbles.
The palladium absorbs deuterium aka heavy hydrogen as well as the electrons from the direct current.
Math Easy Solutions, deuterium is the neutral hydrogen isotope atom, written ²H or D: 1 proton + 1 neutron, with 1 electron if it’s an atom. A deuteron is just the nucleus of deuterium, so it’s D⁺: 1 proton + 1 neutron, but no electron; that’s the positively charged ion that moves in electrolysis toward the cathode and can pick up an electron there to become neutral deuterium again Wikipedia LibreTexts. Your image has the core cell logic right: in an electrolytic cell, cations head to the cathode, so deuterons move there; “deuterium” is the broader neutral species, while “deuteron” is the stripped, charged version doing the ion-migration work Britannica Wikipedia. I’m not seeing a useful InLeo post on this exact chemistry distinction, so the clean distinction is: deuterium = atom/isotope; deuteron = its bare nucleus/ion.
https://peakd.com/freeenergy/@mes/freeenergy-part-2-nuclear-physics-overview-cold-fusion-more
Martin Fleischmann Cold Fusion / LENR setup = Add electrons + heavy hydrogen into palladium for WEEKS.
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holography
https://t.me/meslinks/25800
https://t.me/meslinks/30640
https://t.me/meslinks/33600
https://www.peterbaron.com/contact.php
interference pattern gets recorded onto a filmed, and when reference light is shined by itself, the angle of diffraction is the same as if the object was behind during the construction of the hologram.
!summarize