refer to the above figure , as Phase change material detects any temperature rise in its environment it changes its phase and stores thermal energy either in sensible heat or latent heat and as the temperature falls it releases stored energy to the environment.
To understand this more practically lets understand with a glass of vine and some ice cubes ;)
when the water is converted into the ice it stores energy in the form of latent heat (phase transformation) and when it is in the glass of wine it releases its energy into the wine and makes it chiller.
and that's how a Phase change material works :)) , storing the excess energy and releasing it when it detects an environment temperature difference.
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