Basic Concept of Artificial Intelligence (AI)
According to the father of Artificial Intelligence, John McCarthy, it is “The science and engineering of making intelligent machines, especially intelligent computer programs”.
Artificial Intelligence is a way of making a computer, a computer-controlled robot, or a software think intelligently, in the similar manner the intelligent humans think. AI is accomplished by studying how human brain thinks and how humans learn, decide, and work while trying to solve a problem, and then using the outcomes of this study as a basis of developing intelligent software and systems.
While exploiting the power of the computer systems, the curiosity of human, lead him to wonder, “Can a machine think and behave like humans do?”
Thus, the development of AI started with the intention of creating similar intelligence in machines that we find and regard high in humans.
What is Intelligence Composed Of?
The intelligence is intangible. It is composed of −
Reasoning
Learning
Problem Solving
Perception
Linguistic Intelligence
Intelligence
Reasoning:
It is the set of processes that enable us to provide basis for judgement, making decisions, and prediction. There are broadly two types: Inductive Reasoning and Deductive Reasoning.
Learning:
The ability of learning is possessed by humans, particular species of animals, and AI-enabled systems. Learning is categorized as follows:
*Auditory Learning
*Episodic Learning
*Motor Learning
*Observational Learning
*Perceptual Learning
*Relational Learning
Problem Solving:
It is the process in which one perceives and tries to arrive at a desired solution from a present situation by taking some path, which is blocked by known or unknown hurdles.
Problem solving also includes decision making, which is the process of selecting the best suitable alternative out of multiple alternatives to reach the desired goal.
Perception:
It is the process of acquiring, interpreting, selecting, and organizing sensory information.
Perception presumes sensing. In humans, perception is aided by sensory organs. In the domain of AI, perception mechanism puts the data acquired by the sensors together in a meaningful manner.
Linguistic Intelligence:
It is one’s ability to use, comprehend, speak, and write the verbal and written language. It is important in interpersonal communication.
Application of AI
In this section, we will see the different fields supported by AI −
Gaming
AI plays crucial role in strategic games such as chess, poker, tic-tac-toe, etc., where machine can think of large number of possible positions based on heuristic knowledge.
Natural Language Processing
It is possible to interact with the computer that understands natural language spoken by humans.
Expert Systems
There are some applications which integrate machine, software, and special information to impart reasoning and advising. They provide explanation and advice to the users.
Cognitive Modeling: Simulating Human Thinking Procedure
Cognitive modeling is basically the field of study within computer science that deals with the study and simulating the thinking process of human beings. The main task of AI is to make machine think like human. The most important feature of human thinking process is problem solving. That is why more or less cognitive modeling tries to understand how humans can solve the problems. After that this model can be used for various AI applications such as machine learning, robotics, natural language processing, etc. Following is the diagram of different thinking levels of human brain −
