Great people you have never heard of #2: Aristarchus of Samos

in #science7 years ago

It is not exaggeration if I say that Aristarchus of Samos was one of the most brilliant minds ever.
Without any doubt, he was the greatest astronomer of ancient Greece.
But, what's so extraordinary about him? He presented the first ever known heliocentric system of the Universe.
Unfortunately, his ideas about nature were completely opposite of Aristotle's works, and in that time it was almost forbidden to doubt Aristotle. Under such circumstances, Aristarchus' ideas were rejected by scientific community, and he was completely forgotten.

It would take 18 centuries until Nicolaus Copernicus presented his heliocentric model (possibly under influence of Aristarchus' previous works on that topic).

Aristarchus did some amazing work on measuring dimensions of Earth and celestial bodies, and distances  between them, without any equipment, only by using his mind...

Aristarchus of Samos, 310 BC-230 BC


On the sizes and distances of the Sun and  Moon


This is only surviving Aristarchus' work, it was part of ancient libraries and it was rewritten many times, and thanks to that it was saved. First printed version dates back in 1499 year.


In first part of this book he discussed total solar eclipse. He noticed that total solar eclipse doesn't last for so long, just couple of minutes, and concluded that because of that apparent radius of the Sun and Moon has to be the same. This conclusion can be checked simply visually.

Then, he denoted actual radius of the Sun with S, and distance Sun-Earth with D, and actual radius of the Moon with L, and distance Moon-Earth with d, then it's obvious from this image that 

                                                                     S:L=D:d


After that, he introduced the premise that during the half Moon, the Moon forms a right triangle with the Sun and Earth

Written in language of mathematics, and using the same denotation as in previous image  he got

                                                                   D:d=cos φ

where angle  φ  stands for apparent distance between the Sun and the Moon.



In this third image, positions of the Sun, the Moon and Earth, during lunar eclipse are shown. Simply put, during lunar eclipse, the Moon is in Earth's shadow. Aristarchus was observing lunar eclipse and he measured time between first contact of the Moon with Earth's shadow and the Moon completely entering Earth's shadow. Then he measured time the Moon spent being completely in Earth's shadow. He noticed that those times are equal. The conclusion is that radius of Earth's shadow, in that specific place where the Moon is entering the shadow is twice as big as the Moon's radius.

Then, he assumed that, because of huge distance between the Sun and Earth, the radius of section of the cone of Earth's shadow at the place where it is touching Earth, is the same as Earth's radius, and at the place where it is touching the Sun, same as the Sun's radius (this might sound a bit confusing, but it's clearly visible from the image above).

From this above, and from similarities of triangles abc and cde he got

                                                                            (T-2L):(S-T)=d:D


Aristarchus measured the angle we denoted with φ and he also measured apparent radius of the Sun and the Moon, let's denote this with α. Because α is really small we can say

                                                                                  α=S:D

In this moment, he had measured angles α and φ and he was able to find values of S, L, D and d (radius of the Sun, radius of the Moon, distance the Sun-Earth and distance the Moon-Earth, respectively) in respect to Earth's radius T.

In this way, Aristarchus constructed correct geometrical method to calculate dimensions and distances in Solar system expressed in units of Earth's radius. He couldn't get the exact values, but he was able to put things in real perspective, for the first time in human history.

He didn't have any instruments to measure angles and time, so his calculations were far from the truth, but his method was brilliant, and these results were of priceless significance.

His results showed that the Moon is actually big, 22 times smaller than Earth (until then people thought that the Moon is small), and that distance between the Moon and Earth is equal to 81 Earth's radii.  

The most important result was that the Sun is actually huge, at least 312 times bigger than Earth (and this result gave him another ideas), and distance Sun-Earth is equal to 1550 Earth's radii.

After this stunning results, Aristarchus was able to rise above all prejudices and to fly high to the stars, to leave Earth behind, and to see small Earth, and hundreds of times bigger Sun orbiting Earth. 

And at that moment, he got an amazing idea...



Heliocentric model


First question he had asked himself  was if Earth rotates around the Sun do we see the sky the same way?
Yes, if we assume that the Sun is static. During Earth's revolution around the Sun, the Sun is going to have apparent movement, because if Earth revolves around the Sun, we will see the Sun at different positions at the sky during the year.

Earth also revolves around its axis, and because of that we see the Sun rising and setting every day. Because of this rotation we get the illusion that the sky is moving, but actually the sky is static.

Then, he realized that change of seasons can be explained by the inclination of ecliptic relative to the celestial equator, and this can be explained with heliocentric model. It would take 2200 years for humanity to understand and embrace this idea.

His model was tested by scientific community, by asking ''If Earth really moves through space, then we should be able to notice change in positions of stars?''.
Aristarchus explained this by saying that stars are too far away, and he was right again!


The destiny of Aristarchus' ideas


Aristarchus was, obviously, in front of his time, and humanity was not ready to accept his ideas. He was forgotten, and most of his works are destroyed.
We learn how unrecognized Aristarchus was through biographical works of other scientist.

''Oh, sir, just don't bring suit against us for impiety as Cleanthes thought that the Greeks ought to lay an action for impiety against Aristarchus the Samian on the ground that he was disturbing the hearth of the universe because he sought to save (the) phenomena by assuming that the heaven is at rest while the earth is revolving along the ecliptic and at the same time is rotating about its own axis.''

Plutarch ''De facie in orbe lunae'' 


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Great article. It was very informative. Thanks.

Thank you. Well-written and informative, you definitely deserve your steem for that one! Maybe you can do a similar piece on Epicurus, he's my favourite Greek philosopher. Steem-on!

Im definitely going to write about some other ancient scientists :-)

Well done! It looks like you've been "Curie"'d.

I wish I could (still) do all that math, but I started to glaze over a little in the middle there, if I'm honest.

It's not that hard :-)

History seems littered with examples of great thinkers that were simply ahead of their time. Their ideas were so ground breaking and/or controversial, that they were dismissed out of hand instead of investigated further. Many times, prevailing elites did not want to accept the consequences and attacked the scientist instead. We can still see this happening in science, although in a more subtle (but still effective) form.

I would say that science and the development thereof seems to broadly have certain laws:

  • a new theory is first dismissed/laughed at, then attacked and then accepted as if it was apparently true all the time
  • discoveries tend to happen on several moments within a period of 3-10 years. Apparently, following a 'law' that once a discovery is made, subsequent discoveries are inevitable (see Newton's standing on the shoulders of giants)
  • (in the last 100-150 years) a new discovery takes 10 years to be fully recognized and another 10 years to find its way to the masses
  • if the idea breaks with prevailing thoughts, it can be forgotten for a long time before reappearing again (less likely in our time)

A great little book to see the above in this perspective is Bill Bryson - A short history of nearly everything.

This is a fantastic article. I'm always fascinated by math and astronomy, and Aristarchus is a good place to start with that. Well done.

You've won Best of Steemit for Nonfiction today. You'll see that out on my blog here in half hour or so. Congratulations.

wow, thanks :)

Interesting read. Never heard of him before. I am sure there are a lot of brilliant and creative people who have been lost to time.

it's injustice to them, follow me if you want to read more

Wow, really interesting read, i had noe idea whatsoverer that Aristarchus had ever lived. i think its really interesting to see and learn more about the history of ideas! so thx!

that's why i'm writing about great people you have never heard of :)
hope you enjoyed

Beautiful history lesson! Geometry gives us such a great perspective of the world around us.
Thank very much for taking the time to compile & share this :-)

Great article ! Thank you for sharing

you're welcome

Brilliant article. Read also the rise and fall of Sparta.

Good one! You have a lot of interesting content there :) waiting for your next post ...

Plz upvote resteem and follow me @devrajlove

thanks, i will

I knew Aristarchus, how incredible was his foresight! we are talking about almost 2300 years ago!

Que buen datos, algo mas para tener en nuestras mentes y poder hablar sobre ello

Your article handles the "Aristarchus of Samos envisioned our solar system's heliocentric design " well, and this is especially so because you say Aristarchus "presented" the heliocentric layout as a model.

Other writers have fallen into error regarding this bit of history, among them Carl Sagan I seem to recall, in that they have claimed that Aristarchus actually proved it as a theory. IMHO Aristarchus probably never proved out the theory simply because he lacked the tools to do so - specifically he lacked the principles of spherical trigonometry and spherical geometry.

The ancient Greeks were just getting started on the process of discovering these principles during his lifetime.

Moreover, other tools of such math were added to the mix much later in history (SINES for example ~~>"the sine is a trigonometric function of an angle") came into mankind's math tool-kit during the 800's AD - a full millennium after Aristarchus lived & died.

Copernicus relied heavily upon spherical geometry when he proved his theory of a sun-centered solar system to the satisfaction of his contemporaries and to later Renaissance astronomers and mathematicians - - Copernicus spent two whole chapters of his revolutionary book, De Revolutionibus, singing the praises of spherical geometry, crediting it with the proof he made.

Aristarchus didn't have that tool at his disposal, so I don't think he actually could have proven his point mathematically, which would have left his theory rejected by anyone and everyone who trusted their instincts (the earth feels steady underfoot, the sun appears to move across the sky, etc.)

It was only the math that allowed Copernicus to persuade the best minds of his time to re-examine their instinctual prejudices, and even in his era the world almost wasn't ready yet to understand the argument. Way back in Aristarchus' era the world just hadn't evolved far enough yet in terms of principles of math.

Aristarchus Lived too early in history to Prove his Concept

But no doubt Aristarchus was a visionary, and certainly in his mind's eye he beheld the truth about the layout of our neighborhood of the cosmos. But the rest of humanity had to develop for many centuries longer to catch up with his thinking.

Congrats on an artfully written piece.

First of all, thank you for your kind words.

It is true that ancient greeks didn't know almost anything about trigonometry, but they presented their theories in a geometric way that was equivalent to some trigonometric laws and formulas..

For example, there is Aristarchus' inequality, trigonometric law, although Aristarchus didn't posses any knowledge on trigonometry, not to speak about notation, but he was using that law in a more lets say geometric way..

And yes, ancient greeks, without doubt, used primitive math and physics...for example their best argument for non spinning Earth was 'if I jump I will land on a different place, but I am landing always in the same place therefore Earth is static' but they didn't know whatwhat is inertia back then :)

VERY informative article, very interesting read, it's so cool to acknowledge those who haven't had as much of the limelight for their undoubtedly substantial contributions to a particular area, nice work!

Thanks :-)