What is Programming Language?
Programming is a constructed structure that has its own rules that it is not possible to tell a machine how to operate within a certain algorithm, what data to store and what to process. There might be a computer in the refrigerator in your house as well as a computer. It is a hardware microcontroller / microcontroller that will run the codes that are meant to be described. Human is not natural like language. Produced and expressions are limited. An algorithm is a path that is designed to solve a problem, a starting and ending that progresses according to certain inputs and conditions.
Throughout the history of the computer, thousands of programming languages have been developed. Some of them have been used in special areas of the military system, while others have found a wide range of applications that have cost humanity. In my writing, I will try to refer to the programming languages that everyone can use in general.
We can classify programming languages in machine level, lower level, middle level, upper level draw. Machine-level languages are not possible without our understanding. They consist of numbers formed according to a certain rule from upper tier languages. The target microprocessor / microcontroller can be loaded via a programmer and start working directly. The most popular of these are Intel Hex. It is a file prepared in hexadecimal, that is 16 numbers system developed by Intel company on time. The name comes from here. The target is based on the platform. I mean from the target platform, you can read a lot of space from your computer i7, pentium vs processor to your ARM microcontroller, your PIC microneteller, which you can turn off the LED. It is very unlikely that you will try to figure out what you see in the Intel HEX format file that I share below.
Assembly
The assembly language is the beginning of the lower-level programming languages. It is a set of commands consisting of letters and expressions that human be able to read more easily than digital machine languages. For example, the most commonly used assembly commands are the move statement, which means MOV English translation, the LODSB command LOAD String Byte expression, the IRET command RETurn from Interrupt statement. As you can see, the commands are more memorable and readable than the abbreviation of the head of the expressions. Programs written in assembly are converted into machine language through an assembler. The conversion process is done one by one and line by line. As a result, you will have a file like the Intel HEX file you see above. Assembly commands and Assembler are directly related to the target platform, and they show big changes. For example, when we have more than 100 assembly commands for our computer, this number is around 30 for a modern 8-bit microcontroller. The same assembler is used for both. The code you write in the assembly language runs faster and the code takes up less space in memory because the machine does the conversion to the language. But writing code is tedious.
FORTRAN
In 1954, John Backus for IBM products was started to be developed by a software developer and his team. The name of the linguin was set as FORTRAN from the words of that period, "The IBM Mathematical FORMULA TRANSlating". The first goal is to make mathematical and scientific calculations more efficient for computers. He enters the language group with the intermediate program. As it was difficult to program in the low level machine language at the beginning of the creation, companies and engineers who want to develop a fast application are trying to program in higher level languages, but since there was no compiler logic at the time, codes written by an interpreter were interpreted by the interpreter during code work. The Buddha was already slowing down the slow computers at that time. With FORTRAN, Backus and his team have for the first time introduced compiler power for a language that is considered to be at the top of that period. Thus, before the program is written, it is compiled into the machine language by means of a compiler and executed as machine code. This makes it possible to code faster because of higher level coding, and faster on machines because the code is translated into machine language. FORTRAN has further standardized and has been up to date. still popular in the engineering departments of some universities. He has had a lot of influence on programming languages like Basic and C which will come out after him. If you do not use a special area, I do not recommend it for beginners.
Basic
Basic programming language was created by John George Kemeny and Thomas Eugene Kurtz in 1964. It is a high level programming language that is easy to learn. Basic language, this language does not know