Part 11/19:
The Islamic Dark Ages: From the 10th century onward, the Islamic world experienced decline, social upheaval, and invasions, leading to reduced stability and a deteriorating situation for Jews, who increasingly faced oppression and violence, including genocides during the Black Death era.
The Ottoman Empire, especially under the Turks, provided a relative haven for Jews expelled from Spain in the late 15th century. Their policies allowed Jewish communities to flourish, even as later nationalist developments and European colonialism pushed Jewish populations into migrations.