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The Mongols, for example, killed millions, including at the invasions of Persia and China, with Genghis Khan himself reportedly responsible for the deaths of over 40 million. These figures rival or surpass the deaths caused by 20th-century world wars and atrocities, underscoring the destructive capacity of steppe violence.
Religiously, the nomadic tribes were highly tolerant and eclectic, often converting to the dominant faiths of their subject regions to facilitate governance and conquest. Buddhism, Islam, and various local traditions blended into their spiritual landscape, reflecting a pragmatic approach rather than doctrinal conviction.