Part 2/9:
One of the foundational distinctions lies in how mood episodes unfold in each disorder. Bipolar disorder is characterized by mood swings that cycle over considerably long periods, often weeks or even months. These cycles include episodes of mania and depression, previously referred to collectively as manic-depressive illness. During a manic phase, individuals exhibit heightened energy, reduced need for sleep, and sometimes risky behaviors, followed by depressive episodes with feelings of deep sadness and withdrawal.