particular, given what our conversation is about today, for us to understand about the country, about its culture, and about its political economy? Well, I think one of the most important and also interesting things for foreigners to understand about Kazakhstan is its incredibly traumatic and complex and also fascinating history that has had an incredible impact on society that is really reverberates to this day. And what I'm really talking about here specifically is the Stalin era in the 1930s and 1940s, when the Soviet Union was ruled by Joseph Stalin, sort of reign of terror. And he implemented all kinds of policies that affected people horrendously across the Soviet Union, but nowhere more so than in Kazakhstan. I mean, many people have probably heard of the famine in Ukraine in the 1930s, but fewer people know that there was an equally devastating famine in Kazakhstan caused by exactly the same policies a man made famine, because by sort of collectivization of agriculture, forcing (13/39)
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