Abbott and Costello’s “Who’s on First?” is usually treated as a classic comedy routine, but it’s also something like a pressure test for real English fluency. Whenever I ever want to know whether someone truly gets English at speed, rhythm, and ambiguity, this is the first clip I show or send them. This is better than any of the various paper tests for English fluency.
The first obstacle is pace. Abbott and Costello fire lines at each other with almost no breathing room. That alone is tough for learners. But add their mid-century New York / Northeastern accents (tight vowels, clipped consonants) and comprehension becomes a challenge even for some native speakers. As we get further and further from Abbott and Costello’s time period, even some Americans have trouble understanding the skit.
And then comes the real difficulty: the wordplay. Practically every line relies on ambiguity. “Who,” “What,” and “I Don’t Know” all function both as normal interrogatives and as actual baseball player names. To follow the routine, your brain has to process grammar, pragmatics, cultural context, and shifting meaning all at once. It’s linguistic misdirection disguised as slapstick.
Can you follow?
What makes the routine especially interesting is that the humor itself isn’t culturally narrow at all. Wordplay is universal. Every language has some version of the basic pun — “a joke exploiting the different possible meanings of a word or the fact that there are words which sound alike but have different meanings” (according to the Webster dictionary). Once a learner knows the basic baseball positions, the logic of the routine becomes accessible to anyone. The only remaining barrier is understanding the rapid, accented English.
That’s why “Who’s on First?” ends up being such a revealing test. If a learner can follow it in real time without subtitles, they’ve crossed into a genuinely high level of fluency. If they can’t, the problem usually isn’t cultural, the problem is speed, accent, and the demands of processing ambiguity on the fly.
And to me, that’s part of the charm. The routine shows how slippery English can be, how easily meaning collapses when context shifts by just a fraction. It’s a perfect reminder that humor often emerges from the cracks between what a language says and what it means.
I usually give the above clip to ESL students for a challenge, but their performance of the skit in the movie The Naughty Nineties is maybe a little slower and easier to understand:
If you enjoyed this, let me know your favorite old-school comedy routine. And whether you could follow this one without subtitles.
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David is an American teacher and translator lost in Japan, trying to capture the beauty of this country one photo at a time and searching for the perfect haiku. He blogs here and at laspina.org. Write him on Bluesky. |
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To be honest I really didn't know about these classic shows you mentioned so I really have to watch the video clips to understand your point. And I agree, to a non-native English speaker it's really hard to follow their conversations. It's really challenging to keep at their pace. Who's on First is really a great video to measure English Fluency. Thanks for sharing this!
I suppose I pass the fluency test or I wouldn't laugh so hard when I hear this. As a native English speaker it isn't so bad though, lol.