American prison system being ineffective is quite an old story. We must see it from good old capitalist perspective. So, none of the 4 reasons you implied are the main one. Although all of them are valid.
People are in prisons simply because it brings heaps of money into the system and makes many people wealthy. Which brings us to the legal system, which is just as big factory as well. :-D
Cheers, man!
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Yes and that's part of the problem
having a private industry built around maixmizing imprisonment rates and skimming costs is a recipe for disaster
the incentives are just misaligned
rehabilitation has to be one of the primary focuses or the entire society pays very dearly
yep...I had the private industry in mind, but it's more than that. the hypocrisy starts even before the courtrooms...
people get worse in prison rather than better and that's what shows the whole redundancy of the prison system.
however, I seriously doubt anyone will care to change any of that.